In vitro nematocidal activity of Punica granatum L. against gastrointestinal helminths in goats.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal activity, phytochemistry, and toxicity of a saline extract obtained from peel of Punica granatum L fruits. The ovicidal activity was evaluated by the hatching inhibition of eggs recovered from fecal samples of naturally infected goats; the phytochemical analysis was carried out using the fruit peel; and the toxicity was tested on Artemia salina, using saline extract. The results showed that the ovicidal effect of the tested extract was 99% (25 mg mL-1), 99% (12.5 mg mL-1), 98% (6.25 mg mL-1), and 95% (3.12 mg mL-1), higher than that of the control drug, thiabendazole (83%). The phytochemical analysis showed presence of phenols, anthraquinones, and condensed and hydrolysable tannins in the fruit extract. The toxicity test of the extract of P. granatum showed an LC50 of 6.19 mg mL-1, which indicates a safe use for a concentration of 3.12 mg mL-1, since it was the tested concentration that was below the reliable LC50. The saline extract from peels of P. granatum has ovicidal activity, important secondary metabolites, and absence of toxicity at the lowest concentration tested. However, in vivo tests in experimental models are recommended before performing experiments in ruminants.

A Method for Determination of the Transmission Efficiency of a Silica Optical Fiber Cable Using a Solar Power Tower.

After being adequately captured and concentrated, solar radiation can be conducted by optical fiber bundles/cables and directly used for illumination (lighting) or heating of confined spaces, or indirectly used by converting it in other forms of energy (e.g., for producing electricity). This article reports preliminary tests conducted on a 7-m-long optical fiber bundle/cable with an effective aperture circular area of 14 mm in diameter, specially designed and manufactured by a leading company to transmit up to 1000 Wth of unfiltered concentrated sunlight. The cable was tested in the typical receiver position at the top of a solar concentration central tower. The main purpose was the experimental determination of the transmission efficiency of the cable in function of the incidence angle using selected groups of heliostats belonging to the heliostat field. The testing methodology proved to be capable of evaluating the performance of the cable. The cable withstood the tests without revealing any type of damage. The results obtained showed that the transmissivity of the cable is higher than 50% when the incidence angle of the solar radiation is lower than 14.7°, increasing sharply to circa 95% when the incidence angle is lower than 4.5°.

Obliterating potential of active products for dentin hypersensitivity treatment under an erosive challenge.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of 5 desensitizing agents on the hydraulic conductance (Lp) of dentin and to analyze its surface under a Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM) before and after an erosive challenge. METHODS: Lp was analyzed in the following sequence: in the presence of smear layer (pMin), after a 15-second acid etching (pMax), after treatment with a desensitizing agent (pTreat) and after a 1-minute erosive challenge (6% citric acid - pEro). Fifty 1.0 ± 0.2 mm-thick dentin disks were prepared from sound human third molars and were randomly distributed into 5 groups (n = 10): FG-Fluoride gel (control), SA-Sensiactive, PR-Sensitive Pro-Relief, NP-Desensibilize Nano-P and EV-Enamel Pro Varnish. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α<0.05). Additional specimens were analyzed under a Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM) and by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). RESULTS: All materials reduced the Lp in some extent, except for FG and EV. After the erosive challenge, SA was the only material effectively able to keep the same Lp of the post-treatment phase, while the other products showed lower resistance upon an erosive challenge. Under the LSCM, the SA and NP materials were more effective to obliterate the opened dentin tubules and demonstrated higher resistance upon an erosive challenge. The EDS analysis evidenced levels of Ca, O, P, Si, Na and S. CONCLUSIONS: Product containing potassium oxalate was the most effective in reducing Lp of dentin samples before and after an erosive challenge. Under a LSCM, products containing potassium oxalate or hydroxyapatite crystals seemed to be occluding the dentin tubules after an erosive challenge.

Improving hydraulic permeability, mechanical properties, and chemical functionality of cellulose acetate-based membranes by co-polymerization with tetraethyl orthosilicate and 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane.

Composite cellulose acetate (CA) membranes are widely used but their multiphase nature results in additive losses, poor mechanical strength, low chemical resistance and thermal stability, limiting their separation/purification yields. To overcome this, we fabricated monophasic hybrid membranes using a modified phase inversion technique, where tetraethylorthosilicate and 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane were added to the CA casting solution. The resulting co-polymerization between CA, silanols and amine-functionalized silica groups, through sol-gel chemistry, was proved by ATR-FTIR (1118 cm-1, ν(SiOC)). The presence of propyl-amine groups increases the hydraulic permeability (3×), the rupture elongation (×1.5), and decreases the Young modulus (×1/2), due to the disruption of the CA-silica 3D network. For high propyl-amine contents this behaviour is reversed due to intensive cross-linking between CA-silica chains (decrease in 903 cm-1, ν(CH3COOC-)). The addition of silica- and amine-based structures to the CA framework increases the system degrees of freedom, opening the door to the design of new CA membranes.

Use of information and communication technology (ICT) by medical students / O uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação por estudantes de medicina

Abstract: Introduction: The central topic of the present study is the evaluation of Information and Communication Technology use by medical students, since this relationship has become inseparable from medical training and practice. Objective: To characterize the profile of Information and Communication Technology use among medical students, identifying which are the most frequently used, the possible stimuli and the main impediments to its use. Method: An observational and cross-sectional study was carried out by applying an electronic form on the Google Forms® platform, to students attending from the 1st to the 12th semester of undergraduate medical school. Results: Of the 216 participants, there was a predominance of females (60.6%), aged between 20-24 years (65.3%) and with a family income of less than 3 minimum wages (36.1%). The main device used by the participants was the smartphone (68.1%) and the most frequently used Information and Communication Technologies were text messaging apps (99.5%) and internet browsers (96.8%), while Medication Apps (48.1%) and Specialized Calculators (31%) were significantly less often used. The main benefit mentioned was the possibility of distance communication, while the main impediment was the issue of security. Conclusion: It was concluded that the use of technologies by medical students is quite frequent and varied, but purposeful training, by teachers and students, is necessary for better use of the available technologies.

Resumo: Introdução: O tema central deste estudo é a avaliação do uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) pelos discentes do curso de Medicina, uma vez que, nos dias atuais, tal relação tornou-se indissociável da formação e da prática médica. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil de utilização de TIC entre os acadêmicos, de modo a identificar quais são as mais adotadas, os possíveis estímulos e as principais barreiras ao seu uso. Método: Foi realizado um estudo observacional e transversal por meio da aplicação de um formulário eletrônico, do qual participaram discentes do primeiro ao 12º período da graduação. Resultado: Entre os 216 participantes, notou-se uma predominância do sexo feminino (60,6%), na faixa etária entre 20 e 24 anos (65,3%) e com renda familiar inferior a três salários mínimos (36,1%). O principal dispositivo utilizado pelos participantes foi o smartphone (68,1%). Quanto às TIC, os estudantes apontaram preferência por aplicativos de mensagens de texto (99,5%) e navegadores de internet (96,8%), enquanto aplicativos de medicamentos (48,1%) e calculadoras especializadas (31%) foram significativamente menos utilizados. De acordo com participantes do estudo, a possibilidade de comunicação a distância é o principal benefício das TIC. Com relação aos possíveis problemas, predominou o quesito segurança. Conclusão: O uso das tecnologias pelos acadêmicos é bastante frequente e variado, porém há a necessidade de treinamento deliberado de docentes e discentes para maior aproveitamento das tecnologias disponíveis.

Restless Legs Syndrome, and symptoms of Restless Syndrome in patients with Graves' disease: a cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVES: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a frequent comorbid condition associated with distinct unrelated diseases. While the incidence of RLS has not been definitively confirmed, RLS-like symptoms have been reported in a section of Asian population who also had hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of RLS is generally low in Asian populations. Under these circumstances, we hypothesized that in a population where RLS is common, such as in Brazil, RLS could manifest as a comorbid ailment alongside Graves' disease, a common hyperthyroid condition. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, 108 patients who presented with Graves' disease were analyzed for restless legs or associated symptoms. RESULTS: Twelve patients (11.1%) displayed symptoms of RLS prior to the incidence of Graves' disease. These patients experienced worsening of the symptoms during their hyperthyroid state. Six patients (5.6%) developed RLS, consequent upon the incidence of Graves' disease as per the consensus of the panel of the experts. Fifteen patients (13.9%) also presented with RLS-like symptoms without any discernible circadian feature of the syndrome. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm that Graves' disease might trigger restless legs-like symptoms, while the condition of hyperthyroidism could also be complicated by definite RLS.

Composite vs. ionomer vs. mixed restoration of wedge-shaped dental cervical lesions: Marginal quality relative to eccentric occlusal loading.

Dental cervical restorations may be impacted by resultants of occlusal loads that may have already contributed to the development of the lesion and should rely on materials' favorable properties to bear the stresses. The marginal quality of cervical restorations made with materials of different moduli of elasticity in essence, isolated, or in combination, was evaluated relative to eccentric occlusal loading. Cervical wedge-shaped cavities, prepared in extracted premolars, were restored with a composite resin (CR), a restorative ionomer (GIC), or the composite in combination with a lining ionomer (Mixed restoration: M). Half of the teeth in each group were subjected to eccentric occlusal loading (eol; 150 N / 106 cycles / 2.5 Hz; CReol / GICeol / Meol, n = 10), and the others were stored in 37 °C distilled water (Control: c; CRc / GICc / Mc, n = 10). A fluorescein-modified adhesive favored delimitation of formed gaps, which were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy regarding their presence, location related to the cavity walls, and width and depth (µm), at a 5% significance level. From a comprehensive perspective, neither the loading nor the materials were significantly associated with the qualitative response variables or exerted any influence over the quantitative variables. More specifically, the use of the different materials was significantly associated with the frequency of gaps exclusively when loading was applied (Chi-square test, p = 0.029, CR > M > GIC). Though the marginal quality of cervical restorations may not be influenced by eccentric occlusal loading or the use of different materials, even in association in general, the unfavorable aspects of the use of the composite may be relevant, particularly in face of the existence of eccentric occlusal loads.

Photonic Band Gap and Bactericide Performance of Amorphous Sol-Gel Titania: An Alternative to Crystalline TiO2.

In addition to its traditional application in white pigments, nanocrystalline titania (TiO2) has optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties (strongly dependent on crystallinity, particle size, and surface structure) that grant this naturally occurring oxide new technological applications. Sol-gel is one of the most widely used methods to synthesize TiO2 films and NPs, but the products obtained (mostly oxy-hydrated amorphous phases) require severe heat-treatments to promote crystallization, in which control over size and shape is difficult to achieve. In this work, we obtained new photocatalytic materials based on amorphous titania and measured their electronic band gap. Two case studies are reported that show the enormous potential of amorphous titania as bactericide or photocatalyst. In the first, amorphous sol-gel TiO2 thin films doped with N (TiO2−xNx, x = 0.75) were designed to exhibit a photonic band gap in the visible region. The identification of Ti-O-N and N-Ti-O bindings was achieved by XPS. The photonic band gaps were found to be 3.18 eV for a-TiO2 and 2.99 eV for N-doped a-TiO2. In the second study, amorphous titania and amine-functionalized amorphous titania nanoparticles were synthetized using a novel base-catalysed sol-gel methodology. All the synthesized amorphous TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit bactericide performance (E. coli, ASTME 2149-13).

Anthelmintic effect of Cassia fistula and Combretum leprosum protein fractions against goat gastrointestinal nematodes.

In this study, we evaluated the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of protein preparations obtained from Cassia fistula L. and Combretum leprosum Mart. leaves on the gastrointestinal parasites of goats. Protein preparations were obtained after the extraction of C. fistula L. and C. leprosum Mart. leaves, followed by protein fractionation (with ammonium sulfate saturation percentages of 30%, 30%-60%, and 60%-90%) and dialysis, which resulted in protein fractions (called F1, F2, and F3, respectively). The fractions were evaluated by egg hatching (the eggs were recovered in stool samples from naturally infected goats) and larval development tests. The results reveled that the inhibition of hatching of eggs caused by the protein fractions of C. fistula (38%) were similar to that of the control drug, thiabendazole. In addition, the fractions of C. fistula caused significant inhibition (61-69%) of larval development also. However, C. leprosum did not reveal significant inhibition of egg hatching and larval development. We conclude that C. fistula L. showed better ovicidal and larvicidal activity against endoparasites.

Anthelmintic effect of Cassia fistula and Combretum leprosum protein fractions against goat gastrointestinal nematodes / Efeito antihelmíntico das frações proteicas de Cassia fistula e Combretum leprosum contra nematodeos gastrintestinais de caprinos

Abstract In this study, we evaluated the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of protein preparations obtained from Cassia fistula L. and Combretum leprosum Mart. leaves on the gastrointestinal parasites of goats. Protein preparations were obtained after the extraction of C. fistula L. and C. leprosum Mart. leaves, followed by protein fractionation (with ammonium sulfate saturation percentages of 30%, 30%-60%, and 60%-90%) and dialysis, which resulted in protein fractions (called F1, F2, and F3, respectively). The fractions were evaluated by egg hatching (the eggs were recovered in stool samples from naturally infected goats) and larval development tests. The results reveled that the inhibition of hatching of eggs caused by the protein fractions of C. fistula (38%) were similar to that of the control drug, thiabendazole. In addition, the fractions of C. fistula caused significant inhibition (61-69%) of larval development also. However, C. leprosum did not reveal significant inhibition of egg hatching and larval development. We conclude that C. fistula L. showed better ovicidal and larvicidal activity against endoparasites.

Resumo Neste estudo, foram avaliadas as atividades ovicida e larvicida de preparações proteicas de Cassia fistula L. e Combretum leprosum Mart. em parasitas gastrointestinais de caprinos. As preparações proteicas foram obtidas por extração das folhas de C. fistula L. e C. leprosum Mart. seguido pelo fracionamento proteico (com porcentagens de saturação de sulfato de amônio de 30%, 30-60%, 60-90%) e diálise, resultando nas frações proteicas (intituladas F1, F2 e F3, respectivamente). As frações foram avaliadas nos testes de eclosão de ovos (os ovos foram recuperados em amostras de fezes de cabras naturalmente infectadas) e de desenvolvimento larvar. Os resultados revelaram que a inibição da eclosão de ovos causada pelas frações proteicas de C. fistula (38%) foi semelhante à do fármaco controle, o tiabendazol. Além disso, as frações de C. fistula também causaram inibição significativa (61-69%) do desenvolvimento larvar. No entanto, C. leprosum não revelou inibição significativa na eclosão dos ovos e no desenvolvimento larvar. Concluiu-se que C. fistula L. mostrou uma melhor atividade ovicida e larvicida contra endoparasitas.

Fibroma odontogênico central em mandíbula: relato de caso com breve revisão da literatura / Central odontogenic fibroma in mandible: case report with short literature review

O fibroma odontogênico central é definido como uma neoplasia benigna dos maxilares caracterizada por apresentar uma quantidade variável de epitélio odontogênico inativo em meio a um estroma de tecido conjuntivo fibroso. É considerada uma neoplasia rara que representa de 0% a 5,5% de todos os tumores odontogênicos na maioria dos estudos retrospectivos encontrados na literatura. Acomete pacientes em uma ampla faixa etária com certa predominância em indivíduos do sexo feminino. Apresenta-se, na grande maioria dos casos, como uma lesão de crescimento lento e assintomático que pode promover abaulamento das corticais ósseas adjacentes. Do ponto de vista radiográfico, aparece, tipicamente, sob a forma de uma imagem radiolúcida uni ou multilocular com margens bem definidas, podendo apresentar focos de calcificação em seu interior. O fibroma odontogênico central é subdividido histologicamente em tipo simples (pobre em epitélio) e tipo OMS (rico em epitélio). A lesão responde bem ao tratamento cirúrgico conservador por enucleação associada à curetagem, sendo as recidivas muito incomuns. Esse trabalho tem o objetivo de fazer uma breve revisão de literatura a respeito das características epidemiológicas, clínico-imaginológicas e histopatológicas desta lesão e relatar um caso diagnosticado num paciente do sexo masculino, 13 anos, com queixa de aumento de volume em mento. Os exames de imagem evidenciaram a presença de defeito osteolítico bem delimitado em região de sínfise mandibular associado aos elementos dentários 33 e 43 que se apresentavam inclusos. A lesão foi submetida à enucleação e curetagem. O paciente encontra-se em proservação há dois anos sem sinais de recidiva da lesão.

The central odontogenic fibroma is defined as a benign neoplasm of the jaws characterized by having a variable amount of inactive odontogenic epithelium in the midst of a fibrous connective tissue stroma. It is considered a rare neoplasm that is from 0% to 5.5% of all odontogenic tumors in most retrospective studies found in the literature. Affects patients in a wide age range with a certain predominance in females. , Is shown in most cases, as a slow-growing lesions and asymptomatic which can promote the bulging adjacent cortical bone. The radiographic point of view, appears typically in the form of an image radiolucent uni or multilocular with well-defined margins and may have foci of calcification inside. The central odontogenic fibroma is subdivided histologically in simple type (poor epithelium) and WHO type (rich in epithelium). The injury responds well to conservative treatment by surgical enucleation associated with curettage, and the very unusual relapses. This work aims to make a brief review of literature on the epidemiological, clinical and histopathological imaginological this injury and to report a case diagnosed in a male patient, 13, with volume up complaint ment. Imaging tests showed the presence of well-defined osteolytic defect in mandibular symphysis region associated with dental elements 33 and 43 who performed included. The lesion was submitted to enucleation and curettage. The patient is under observation for two years without signs of recurrence.

Secondary to excessive melatonin synthesis, the consumption of tryptophan from outside the blood-brain barrier and melatonin over-signaling in the pars tuberalis may be central to the pathophysiology of winter depression.

Seasonal affective disorder is defined as recurrent episodes of major depression, mania, or hypomania with seasonal onset and remission. In this class of mood disturbances, a unipolar major depressive disorder known as winter depression is common in populations living in northern latitudes far from the equator. Winter depression repeatedly occurs in the autumn or winter and remits in the spring or summer, and its etiopathogenesis is currently unknown. However, one can surmise that excessive melatonin production during the reduced duration of daily sunlight in the autumn and winter plays a role in its pathophysiology. Melatonin is synthesized from tryptophan within the pineal gland, which is located outside the blood-brain barrier, and overproduction of melatonin may lead to augmented consumption of tryptophan, from which serotonin is synthesized. As tryptophan is captured from the blood and excessively utilized by the pineal gland, tryptophan blood levels may decline; as such, it is more difficult for tryptophan to pass through the blood-brain barrier and reach the serotonergic neurons as the ratio of tryptophan to the other amino acids that compete for the same transporter to enter the brain is diminished. As such, less tryptophan is available for serotonin synthesis. Moreover, melatonin is known to modulate thyrotropin expression in the thyrotrophic cells of the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland, and overproduction of melatonin in the autumn or winter months may cause excessive signaling in the pars tuberalis, diminishing its release of thyrotropin and resulting in central hypothyroidism. Both conditions reduced serotonin production and central hypothyroidism may cause depression. Furthermore, the excessive synthesis of melatonin during the autumn and winter may negatively affect the expression of neuromedin U in the pars tuberalis, causing an increased appetite, which is common in winter depression patients. The hypersomnia common in winter depressive patients can be ascribed to excessive circulating melatonin, a hormone that increases the propensity for sleep. Furthermore, central hypothyroidism may also increase sleepiness, as it is known that hypothyroid patients usually experience excessive somnolence. In this theoretical article, we also propose studies to evaluate winter depression patients with regard to the necessity, or not, of offering them an increased amount of tryptophan in their diets during the autumn and winter. We also suggest that the administration of triiodothyronine to winter depressive patients may mitigate their central hypothyroidism.

Preventive effect of toothpastes with MMP inhibitors on human dentine erosion and abrasion in vitro.

UNLABELLED: The use of gels and mouthrinses with MMP inhibitors (chlorhexidine, and green tea extract) was shown to prevent erosive wear. The aim of this study was to analyze the protective effect of toothpastes containing MMP inhibitors on dentine loss induced by erosion in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five groups each containing 12 specimens of human root dentine were prepared. The specimens were subjected to 1 min erosion by immersion in a cola drink, 4 times a day, for 5 d. Each day, after the first and last erosive challenges, the specimens were brushed for 15 s with a slurry of dentifrice and water (1:3) containing placebo, 1,100 ppm fluoride, 0.61% green tea extract, 0.12% chlorhexidine or 0.004% chlorhexidine (commercial toothpaste). Between the acid challenges, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva with remineralizing potential until the next treatment. Dentine loss was determined using profilometry. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA after log transform (p<0.05). RESULTS: The mean wear values (µm) were as follows: placebo 1.83±0.53; 0.61% green tea extract 1.00±0.21; fluoride 1.27±0.43; 0.12% chlorhexidine 1.19±0.30; and 0.004% chlorhexidine 1.22±0.46. There was a significant difference in wear between placebo and all the treatment toothpastes, which did not differ from each other. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that toothpastes containing MMP inhibitors are as effective as those based on NaF in preventing dentine erosion and abrasion.

Preventive effect of toothpastes with MMP inhibitors on human dentine erosion and abrasion in vitro

ABSTRACT The use of gels and mouthrinses with MMP inhibitors (chlorhexidine, and green tea extract) was shown to prevent erosive wear. The aim of this study was to analyze the protective effect of toothpastes containing MMP inhibitors on dentine loss induced by erosion in vitro. Material and Methods Five groups each containing 12 specimens of human root dentine were prepared. The specimens were subjected to 1 min erosion by immersion in a cola drink, 4 times a day, for 5 d. Each day, after the first and last erosive challenges, the specimens were brushed for 15 s with a slurry of dentifrice and water (1:3) containing placebo, 1,100 ppm fluoride, 0.61% green tea extract, 0.12% chlorhexidine or 0.004% chlorhexidine (commercial toothpaste). Between the acid challenges, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva with remineralizing potential until the next treatment. Dentine loss was determined using profilometry. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA after log transform (p<0.05). Results The mean wear values (μm) were as follows: placebo 1.83±0.53; 0.61% green tea extract 1.00±0.21; fluoride 1.27±0.43; 0.12% chlorhexidine 1.19±0.30; and 0.004% chlorhexidine 1.22±0.46. There was a significant difference in wear between placebo and all the treatment toothpastes, which did not differ from each other. Conclusion The results suggest that toothpastes containing MMP inhibitors are as effective as those based on NaF in preventing dentine erosion and abrasion.

Chlorhexidine does not improve but preserves bond strength to eroded dentin.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) in different concentrations on bond strength to eroded dentin up to 6 months, using normal dentin as a control. METHODS: Exposed flat dentin of extracted third molars was only ground with 600-grit SiC paper/1 minute (normal dentin - N), or subsequently eroded by a regular-cola soft-drink (eroded dentin - E). N and E were acid-etched, washed, dried and rehydrated with 1.5 µL, respectively, of distillated water (control - NC / EC); of 0.004% CHX (N0.004% / E0.004%); or of 2% CHX (N2% / E2%). Adper Single Bond 2 was applied in all specimens and resin composite buildups were constructed with Filtek Z350. Specimens were sectioned in beams, which were tested (µTBS) immediately or after 6 months of aging. RESULTS: Microtensile bond strength to eroded dentin was always significantly lower than that to normal dentin. Application of tested CHX solutions did not exert a significant effect immediately; however, after aging, the 2% CHX prevented abrupt bond strength loss both to eroded and normal dentin.

Change in the pulp chamber temperature with different stripping techniques.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate the change in pulp chamber temperature during the stripping technique. METHODS: Seventy-eight proximal surfaces of 39 extracted human teeth were stripped by two techniques: double-sided perforated stripping disk (PSD) and handheld stripper (HS). The teeth were divided into three groups: incisors (group 1), premolars (2), and molars (3). A J type thermocouple was inserted into the pulp chamber for temperature evaluation during the stripping procedure. RESULTS: Temperature rise was observed in all groups. The average temperature increase for the incisors was 2.58°C (±0.27°C) with PSD and 1.24°C (±0.3°C) with HS; for the premolars, 2.64°C (±0.29°C) with PSD and 0.96°C (±0.39°C) with HS; and for the molars, 2.48°C (±0.38°C) with PSD and 0.92°C (±0.18°C) with HS. There was significant difference (p<0.001) in pulp temperature variation among the stripping techniques evaluated. Greater variations in the temperature were observed for the stripping technique with PSD for all groups (3.1°C in incisors and premolars, 3.2°C in molars). Stripping performed with HS had minor differences in pulp temperature (1.7°C in incisors, 1.9°C in premolars, and 1.2°C in molars) than those in PSD group. However, the temperature variation was less than the critical threshold (5.5°C) in all groups. The results for teeth group comparison showed no significant difference in the temperature variation. CONCLUSIONS: The stripping technique with PSD produced significant increase in pulp temperature, with no differences between the types of teeth. However, it may not be clinically relevant, and both stripping techniques can be used safely.

Dificuldades vivenciadas em um serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência: percepções da equipe de enfermagem / Difficulties lived in an urgency mobile service: the nurse team perception

Objetivou-se conhecer as principais dificuldades vivenciadas pela equipe de enfermagem que atua em um serviço deatendimento móvel de urgência na percepção da equipe de enfermagem. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratóriodescritivade abordagem qualitativa, realizada com quatro enfermeiros e 14 técnicos de enfermagem no período demarço a abril de 2013 na sede dos serviços de atendimento móvel de urgência em uma cidade da região central do RioGrande do Sul, Brasil. Os dados coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, contendo questões mistas, foramsubmetidos à Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, emergindo nas categorias: desconhecendo a função do SAMU;dificuldades com a central de regulação; estratégias que possibilitam a melhoria do serviço. O estudo permitiu aossujeitos (pesquisador e pesquisados) refletirem acerca da atuação com o Serviço de Urgência Móvel, instigando areflexão acerca de possíveis estratégias para melhoria da realidade investigada.

This study aimed at learning the main difficulties lived by the health team in an urgency mobile service through theperception of the nursing team. It is an exploratory research, with a descriptive and qualitative approach, involvingfour nurses and fourteen nurse technicians, performed in March and April of 2013, in the head office of the urgencymobile services in a central city in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviewcontaining mixed questions and submitted to Bardin’s content analysis, resulting in the following categories:unawareness in relation to the function of the SAMU; difficulties regarding the central of regulation; strategies thatprovide improvements in the service. The study allowed the subjects (researcher and interviewees) to reflect abouttheir performance together with the Urgency Mobile Service, fostering reflections about possible strategies to improve the reality investigated.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar las principales dificultades experimentadas por el equipo de salud que trabaja en un servicio de atención móvil de urgencia en la percepción del equipo de enfermería. Es un estudioexploratorio, cualitativo y descriptivo realizado con cuatro enfermeros y 14 técnicos de enfermería en el período demarzo a abril de 2013 en la sede de los servicios de emergencia móvil en una ciudad central del Rio Grande del Sur.Los datos fueron colectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, conteniendo preguntas mixtas y sometidos al análisis de contenido de Bardin, de donde emergieron las siguientes categorías: Desconocimiento de la función delSAMU, las dificultades con las centrales de regulación y estrategias que permitan mejorar el servicio. Así, el estudiopermitió a los participantes (investigados y encuestados) reflexionar sobre las acciones tomadas por el servicio móvil de urgencia para posibles estrategias de mejorías sobre la realidad investigada.

The role of thyroid hormone in sleep deprivation.

Sleep deprivation is a stressful condition, as the subject experiences feelings of inadequate well-being and exhibits impairments in his/her functioning. However, in some circumstances sleep deprivation may be crucial for survival of the individual. Most likely, complex neural circuits and hormones play a role in allowing sleep deprivation to occur. For instance, thyroid hormone activity sharply increases when an individual is in a state of sleep deprivation. We believe that this increase is central to sleep deprivation physiology. During sleep deprivation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis initially increases as a consequence of increased release of thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary. Subsequently, as sleep deprivation continues, the sympathetic nervous system is recruited through its anatomical connection with the thyroid gland. While thyroid stimulating hormone levels markedly increase during sleep deprivation, it has been suggested that these increases are secondary to sleep deprivation. However, there is little evidence to support this assumption. We believe that the physiology of the thyroid axis during sleep deprivation and the actions of the effector hormone thyroid hormone suggest that thyroid hormone inhibits sleep and not the contrary. To our knowledge, few studies have addressed the possible neural functions that enable sleep deprivation. In this article, we discuss the hypothesis that an augmentation in the thyroid hormone axis is central to a subject's ability to curtail sleep.

Procedimentos para lidar com o tabu da morte / Procedures for dealing with the taboo of death

A morte, por mais estudada que seja, continua sendo um mistério. Lidar com ela não é algo nada fácil e por essa razão ela assusta tanto. Todos os medos do ser humano estão, no fundo, relacionados com o da morte. Tudo isso por ela ser um mistério do qual pouco ou nada sabemos, embora seja natural. À vista disso, as religiões dão a este tema o seu principal enfoque. Assim sendo, procuro neste artigo tratar o tabu da morte, refletindo temas relacionados a ele. Temas que estão presentes na vida das pessoas, sobretudo quando passam pela experiência da perda de alguém do seu círculo familiar ou de amizade. Dentre eles, abordo a Unção dos Enfermos, as Exéquias, a Missa do Sétimo Dia e a tradição de rezar pelos mortos. Temas que ajudam a lidar com o tabu da morte ou a perda de um ente querido.

The more death is studied, the more it remains a mystery. Dealing with death is no easy matter and for that reason it is so frightening. All the fears of human beings are fundamentally related to the fear of death. This is because it is a mystery about which we know little or nothing, although it is natural to die. In view of this, religions give this topic a primary focus. Therefore, in this article an attempt is made to deal with the taboo surrounding death and reflect on issues associated with it. These themes are present in people's lives, especially when they have the experience of losing someone in their family or circle of friends. Among these subjects, the aspects of the Anointing of the Sick, the Funeral Mass, the Seventh Day Mass and the tradition of praying for the dead are all touched upon. These are all themes that help to deal with the taboo of death or losing a loved one.